Titanic (1997 Film) - Wikipedia

Amerikanischer romantischer Katastrophenfilm von 1997 unter der Regie von James Cameron

Titanic ist ein amerikanischer, epischer Romanze- und Katastrophenfilm von 1997, der von James Cameron inszeniert, geschrieben, co-produziert und gemeinsam bearbeitet wurde. Ein fiktionaler Bericht über den Untergang der RMS Titanic . Darin sind Leonardo DiCaprio und Kate Winslet Mitglieder verschiedener sozialer Klassen, die sich während ihrer unglückseligen Jungfernfahrt an Bord des Schiffes verlieben.

Camerons Inspiration für den Film kam von seiner Faszination für Schiffbrüche; Er fühlte, dass eine Liebesgeschichte, die mit dem menschlichen Verlust durchsetzt ist, wesentlich ist, um die emotionalen Auswirkungen der Katastrophe zu vermitteln. Die Produktion begann 1995, als Cameron das eigentliche Titanic Wrack filmte. Die modernen Szenen auf dem Forschungsschiff wurden an Bord der Akademik Mstislav Keldysh gedreht, die Cameron bei den Dreharbeiten des Wracks als Stützpunkt verwendet hatte. Skalenmodelle, computergenerierte Bilder und eine Rekonstruktion der Titanic die in den Baja Studios in Playas de Rosarito in Baja California gebaut wurde, wurden verwendet, um die Versenkung wiederherzustellen. Der Film wurde teilweise von Paramount Pictures und 20th Century Fox finanziert. Der erste übernahm den Vertrieb in Nordamerika, während Fox den Film international veröffentlichte. Mit einem Produktionsbudget von 200 Millionen US-Dollar war dies der teuerste Film, der jemals gedreht wurde.

Nach seiner Veröffentlichung am 19. Dezember 1997 war Titanic kritischer und wirtschaftlicher Erfolg. Für 14 Oscar-Verleihungen nominiert, gewann All About Eve [19509007] (1950) die meisten Oscar-Nominierungen und gewann 11, darunter die Preise für Bester Film und Bester Regisseur, Ben-Hur . (1959) für die meisten Oscars, die mit einem einzigen Film gewonnen wurden. Mit einem anfänglichen weltweiten Umsatz von über 1,84 Milliarden US-Dollar war Titanic der erste Film, der die Milliardengrenze erreichte. Es blieb der Film mit den höchsten Einnahmen aller Zeiten, bis Camerons Avatar ihn 2010 übertraf. Eine 3D-Version von Titanic, die am 4. April 2012 zum Gedenken an die Hundertjahrfeier des Untergangs veröffentlicht wurde , verdiente es weitere 343,6 Millionen Dollar weltweit, womit der Gesamtwert des Films auf 2,18 Milliarden Dollar anstachelte und der zweite Film wurde, um weltweit mehr als 2 Milliarden Dollar zu erzielen (nach Avatar ). Im Jahr 2017 wurde der Film zum 20-jährigen Jubiläum erneut veröffentlicht und im nationalen Filmregister der Vereinigten Staaten zur Erhaltung ausgewählt.

Plot

Im Jahr 1996 durchsuchen Schatzsucher Brock Lovett und sein Team an Bord des Forschungsschiffes Akademik Mstislav Keldysh das Wrack von RMS Titanic nach einer Halskette mit einem seltenen Diamanten. das Herz des Ozeans Sie holen einen Tresor mit der Zeichnung einer jungen Frau, die nur die Halskette trägt, vom 14. April 1912, dem Tag, an dem das Schiff den Eisberg traf. ^{[Note 1]} Rose Dawson Calvert, die Frau in der Zeichnung, wird an Bord gebracht Keldysh und erzählt Lovett von ihren Erfahrungen an Bord der Titanic (19459007).

1912 Southampton, die 17-jährige First-Class-Passagierin Rose DeWitt Bukater, ihr Verlobter Cal Hockley und ihre Mutter Ruth an Bord der luxuriösen Titanic . Ruth betont, dass Roses Ehe die finanziellen Probleme ihrer Familie lösen und ihre hochklassige Persönlichkeit bewahren wird. Verzweifelt über die Verlobung erwägt Rose den Selbstmord, indem sie vom Heck springt; Jack Dawson, ein mittelloser Künstler, interveniert und entmutigt sie. Bei Jack entdeckt, erzählt Rose einer besorgten Cal, dass sie über den Rand spähte und Jack sie rettete. Wenn Cal gleichgültig wird, schlägt sie ihm vor, dass Jack eine Belohnung verdient. Er lädt Jack ein, mit ihnen in der folgenden Nacht in der ersten Klasse zu speisen. Jack und Rose entwickeln eine zaghafte Freundschaft, obwohl Cal und Ruth sich vor ihm hüten. Nach dem Abendessen geht Rose heimlich zu Jack auf einer Party in der dritten Klasse.

Da Rose und Cal die Mißbilligung von Ruth wissen, weist sie Jacks Fortschritte zurück, erkennt jedoch, dass sie ihn lieber als Cal zieht. Nach einem Rendezvous am Bug bei Sonnenuntergang bringt Rose Jack in ihr Prunkzimmer. Auf ihre Bitte hin skizziert Jack Rose, die nackt mit Cal's Verlobungsgeschenk, der Heart of the Ocean-Halskette, posiert. Sie entziehen Cal's Leibwächter, Mr. Lovejoy, und haben Sex in einem Auto im Laderaum. Auf dem Vordeck erleben sie eine Kollision mit einem Eisberg und belauschen die Offiziere und Designer, wie ernst es ist.

Cal entdeckt Jacks Skizze von Rose und eine beleidigende Nachricht von ihr in seinem Safe zusammen mit der Halskette. Als Jack und Rose versuchen Cal über die Kollision zu informieren, steckt Lovejoy die Halskette in Jacks Tasche und er und Cal beschuldigen ihn des Diebstahls. Jack wird festgenommen, in das Büro des Waffenmeisters gebracht und an eine Pfeife gefesselt. Cal steckt die Halskette in seine eigene Manteltasche.

Als das Schiff untergeht, flieht Rose Cal und ihrer Mutter, die ein Rettungsboot bestiegen hat, und befreit Jack. Auf dem Bootsdeck ermuntern Cal und Jack sie, ein Rettungsboot zu besteigen. Cal behauptet, er kann sich und Jack sicher abbringen. Nachdem Rose ein Board bekommen hat, erzählt Cal Jack, dass das Arrangement nur für ihn selbst ist. Als ihr Boot sinkt, entscheidet Rose, dass sie Jack nicht verlassen kann und springt an Bord zurück. Cal nimmt die Pistole seines Leibwächters und jagt Rose und Jack in den überfluteten erstklassigen Speisesaal. Nachdem Cal seine Munition aufgebraucht hat, stellt er fest, dass er Rose und damit auch die Halskette gegeben hat. Später steigt er in ein zusammenlegbares Rettungsboot, indem er ein verlorenes Kind trägt.

Nachdem sie mehrere Hindernisse überwunden hatten, kehren Jack und Rose zum Bootsdeck zurück. Die Rettungsboote sind abgefahren, und die Passagiere fallen zu Tode, während das Heck aus dem Wasser steigt. Das Schiff bricht in zwei Hälften und hebt das Heck in die Luft. Jack und Rose reiten damit in den Ozean und er hilft ihr auf einer Holzplatte, die für nur eine Person schwimmfähig genug ist. Er versichert ihr, dass sie eine alte Frau sterben wird, warm in ihrem Bett. Jack stirbt an Unterkühlung ^[8] aber Rose ist gerettet.

Nachdem Rose sich vor Cal auf dem Weg versteckt hatte, bringt die RMS Carpathia die Überlebenden nach New York City, wo Rose ihren Namen Rose Dawson nennt. Rose sagt, sie habe später gelesen, dass Cal Selbstmord begangen habe, nachdem er im Wall Street Crash von 1929 all sein Geld verloren hatte.

Zurück in der Gegenwart beschließt Lovett, seine Suche zu beenden, nachdem er Roses Geschichte gehört hatte. Allein am Heck von Keldysh holt Rose - in ihrem Besitz - das Herz des Ozeans aus und lässt es über das Wrack ins Meer fallen. Während sie scheinbar schläft oder in ihrem Bett gestorben ist, ^[9] zeigen Fotos auf ihrer Kommode ein Leben in Freiheit und Abenteuer, das von dem Leben inspiriert ist, das sie mit Jack leben wollte. Eine junge Rose kommt mit Jack auf der Grand Staircase der Titanic zusammen, die von denjenigen, die auf dem Schiff starben, applaudiert wurde.

Besetzung

Fiktive Figuren

• Leonardo DiCaprio als Jack Dawson: Cameron sagte, er brauche die Darsteller, um sich wie auf der Titanic zu fühlen, um seine Lebhaftigkeit zu erleben, und "um sie mitzunehmen." diese Energie und gib es Jack, ... einem Künstler, der sein Herz höher schlagen lässt ". ^[10] Jack wird als Wanderer, armer Waisenkind aus Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, dargestellt, der zahlreiche Orte der Welt bereist hat. einschließlich Paris. Er gewinnt zwei Tickets für die RMS Titanic in einem Pokerspiel und reist mit seinem Freund Fabrizio als Passagier der dritten Klasse. Er fühlt sich auf den ersten Blick von Rose angezogen und trifft sie, als sie sich vorstellt, sich vom Heck des Schiffes zu werfen. Der Verlobte ihrer Verlobten, eine Einladung, am nächsten Abend mit ihnen zu speisen, ermöglicht Jack, sich für eine Nacht mit den erstklassigen Passagieren zu mischen. Bei der Besetzung der Rolle wurden verschiedene etablierte Schauspieler wie Matthew McConaughey, Chris O'Donnell, Billy Crudup und Stephen Dorff in Betracht gezogen, aber Cameron war der Ansicht, dass einige der Schauspieler für einen 20-jährigen Mann zu alt waren ^{[11][12][13][14]} Tom Cruise war an der Darstellung der Figur interessiert, aber sein Preis war für das Studio zu hoch. ^[12] Cameron dachte an Jared Leto für die Rolle, aber Leto lehnte das Vorsprechen ab. ^[15] DiCaprio, 21 Jahre Damals alt, wurde Cameron von Casting-Direktor Mali Finn in Kenntnis gesetzt. ^[11] Zunächst wollte er die Figur nicht darstellen und weigerte sich, seine erste romantische Szene am Set zu lesen (siehe unten). Cameron sagte: "Er hat es einmal gelesen, dann hat er herumgespielt und ich konnte ihn nie wieder dazu bringen, sich darauf zu konzentrieren. Aber für einen Sekundenbruchteil fiel ein Lichtstrahl vom Himmel herunter und beleuchtete den Wald." Cameron glaubte fest an DiCaprios schauspielerische Fähigkeiten und sagte zu ihm: "Schau mal, ich werde diesen Kerl nicht brüten und neurotisch machen. Ich werde ihm nicht ein Tic und ein Limp und all die Dinge geben, die du willst." Cameron stellte sich die Figur eher als James Stewart-Typ vor. ^[11] Obwohl Jack Dawson eine fiktive Figur war, befindet sich auf dem Fairview Cemetery in Halifax, Nova Scotia, wo 121 Opfer begraben sind, ein Grab mit der Aufschrift "J. Dawson". Der eigentliche J. Dawson war Joseph Dawson, der Kohle in die Eingeweide des Schiffes schaufelte. "Erst als der Film herauskam, haben wir herausgefunden, dass es einen J. Dawson-Grabstein gibt", sagte Jon Landau, der Produzent des Films, in einem Interview. ^[16]


• Kate Winslet als Rose DeWitt Bukater: Cameron sagte Winslet "hatte das Ding, nach dem Sie Ausschau halten" und dass es "eine Eigenschaft in ihrem Gesicht, in ihren Augen" gab, "dass er" einfach wusste, dass die Leute bereit wären, mit ihr in die Ferne zu gehen. "^[10] Rose ist ein 17- Ein Jahr altes Mädchen, ursprünglich aus Philadelphia, das zu einer Verlobung mit dem 30-jährigen Cal Hockley gezwungen wird, damit sie und ihre Mutter Ruth ihren hohen Status behalten können, nachdem der Tod ihres Vaters die Familie in Schuld gestellt hat. Rose steigt mit Cal und Ruth als erstklassiger Passagier an Bord der RMS Titanic und trifft Jack. Winslet sagte zu ihrem Charakter: "Sie hat viel zu geben und hat ein sehr offenes Herz. Und sie will die Welt erkunden und abenteuerlich sein, aber [feels] das wird nicht passieren." ^[10] Gwyneth Paltrow Winona Ryder, Claire Danes, Gabrielle Anwar und Reese Witherspoon waren für die Rolle in Betracht gezogen worden. ^{[11][17][18][19]} Als sie ihn ablehnten, setzte sich der 20-jährige Winslet stark für die Rolle ein. Sie sandte Camerons tägliche Notizen aus England, was Cameron veranlasste, sie zum Casting nach Hollywood einzuladen. Wie bei DiCaprio machte sie der Casting-Direktor Mali Finn ursprünglich auf Cameron aufmerksam. Auf der Suche nach einer Rose beschrieb Cameron die Figur als "einen Typ von Audrey Hepburn" und war anfangs unsicher, ob Winslet selbst nach ihrem Screen-Test beeindruckt war. ^[11] Nachdem sie mit DiCaprio einen Screen-Test durchgeführt hatte, war Winslet so sehr von ihm beeindruckt. Sie flüsterte Cameron zu: "Er ist großartig. Selbst wenn Sie mich nicht auswählen, suchen Sie ihn aus." Winslet schickte Cameron eine einzelne Rose mit der unterschriebenen Karte "From Your Rose" und rief ihn telefonisch an. "Sie verstehen nicht!" eines Tages bat sie ihn, als sie ihn in seinem Humvee per Handy erreichte. "Ich bin Rose! Ich weiß nicht, warum du überhaupt noch jemanden siehst!" Ihre Beharrlichkeit und ihr Talent überzeugten ihn schließlich, sie in die Rolle zu spielen. ^[11]


• Billy Zane als Cal Hockley: Cal ist Rose, der 30-jährige Verlobte. Er ist arrogant und snobistisch und der Erbe eines Pittsburgh Steel Fortune. Es wird ihm zunehmend peinlich, eifersüchtig und grausam wegen Roses Beziehung zu Jack. Der Teil wurde ursprünglich Matthew McConaughey angeboten, ^[12] und Rob Lowe hat sich auch auf die Rekorde gestützt. ^[20]


• Frances Fisher als Ruth DeWitt Bukater: Roses verwitwete Mutter, die die Verlobung ihrer Tochter mit Cal arrangiert, um sie zu erhalten Status der Familie in der Gesellschaft. Sie liebt ihre Tochter, glaubt aber, dass die soziale Stellung wichtiger ist als eine liebevolle Ehe. Sie mag Jack nicht, obwohl er ihrer Tochter das Leben gerettet hat.


• Gloria Stuart als Rose Dawson Calvert: Rose erzählt den Film in einem modernen Framing-Gerät. Cameron erklärte: "Um die Gegenwart und die Vergangenheit zu sehen, entschied ich mich, einen fiktiven Überlebenden zu schaffen, der 101 Jahre [close to] ist, und sie verbindet uns auf eine Weise durch die Geschichte." ^[10] Die 100-jährige Rose gibt Lovett Informationen über das "Herz des Ozeans", nachdem er eine nackte Zeichnung von ihr im Wrack entdeckt hat. Sie erzählt die Geschichte ihrer Zeit an Bord des Schiffes und erwähnt Jack zum ersten Mal seit dem Untergang. Mit 87 musste Stuart für die Rolle älter gemacht werden. ^[12] Von Casting Stuart sagte Cameron: "Mein Casting-Direktor fand sie. Sie wurde auf eine Mission geschickt, um Schauspielerinnen aus dem Goldenen Zeitalter der Dreißiger und Vierziger. “^[21] Cameron sagte, er wisse nicht, wer Stuart sei, und Fay Wray werde auch für die Rolle in Betracht gezogen. "Aber [Stuart] war genau so und so klar und hatte einen so großen Geist. Und ich sah die Verbindung zwischen ihrem Geist und dem [Winslet's] Geist", erklärte Cameron. "Ich habe diese Lebensfreude in beiden gesehen, dass ich dachte, das Publikum könnte den kognitiven Sprung machen, dass es dieselbe Person ist." ^[21] Stuart starb am 26. September 2010 im Alter von 100 Jahren, ungefähr gleich Alter Elder Rose war in dem Film. ^[22]


• Bill Paxton als Brock Lovett: Ein Schatzsucher, der im Wrack der Titanic nach dem "Herzen des Ozeans" sucht in der Gegenwart. Zeit und Geld für seine Expedition laufen aus. Später reflektiert er die Schlussfolgerung des Films, dass er sie, obwohl er drei Jahre lang über Titanic nachgedacht hatte, nie verstanden hat, bis er Roses Geschichte hört.


• Suzy Amis als Lizzy Calvert: Roses Enkelin, die sie wann begleitet Sie besucht Lovett auf dem Schiff und lernt die wahre Identität und romantische Vergangenheit ihrer Großmutter mit Jack Dawson.


• Danny Nucci als Fabrizio De Rossi: Jacks bester Freund von Jack, der nach Jacks Sieg mit ihm die RMS Titanic betritt zwei Tickets in einem Pokerspiel. Fabrizio steigt nicht an Bord eines Rettungsboots, als die Titanic sinkt und getötet wird, als einer der Schornsteine ​​des Schiffes bricht und ins Wasser stürzt und ihn zu Tode bringt.


• David Warner als Spicer Lovejoy: Ein Ex-Pinkerton Lovejoy ist der englische Kammerdiener und Leibwächter von Cal, der Rose im Auge behält und die Umstände, die Jacks Rettung ihrer Frau umgibt, misstrauisch betrachtet. Er stirbt, als sich die Titanic in zwei Hälften aufteilt, wodurch er in eine massive Öffnung fällt. Warner war 1979 in der TV-Miniserie S.O.S erschienen. Titanic .


• Jason Barry als Thomas "Tommy" Ryan: Ein irischer Passagier der dritten Klasse, der sich mit Jack und Fabrizio anfreundet. Tommy wird getötet, als er versehentlich vorwärts geschoben und von einem in Panik geratenen Ersten Offizier Murdoch erschossen wird.

Historische Charaktere

Obwohl nicht beabsichtigt, eine vollständig genaue Darstellung der Ereignisse zu sein, ^[23] enthält der Film Darstellungen mehrerer historischer Persönlichkeiten:

Die echte Margaret Brown (rechts) verlieh Captain Arthur Henry Rostron eine Auszeichnung für seine Dienste bei der Rettung von Titanic s, die überlebende Passagiere.

• Kathy Bates als Margaret "Molly" Brown : Brown wird von anderen erstklassigen Frauen, darunter auch Ruth, als "vulgär" und "neues Geld" angesehen. Sie ist freundlich zu Jack und leiht ihm einen Smoking (für ihren Sohn gekauft), als er zum Essen in den erstklassigen Speisesaal eingeladen wird. Obwohl Brown eine echte Person ist, entschied sich Cameron, ihre realen Handlungen nicht darzustellen. Molly Brown wurde von Historikern als "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" bezeichnet, weil sie mit Unterstützung anderer Frauen das Rettungsboot 6 von Quartermaster Robert Hichens kommandierte. ^[24] Einige Aspekte dieser Auseinandersetzung werden in Camerons Film dargestellt.


• Victor Garber as Thomas Andrews: Der Schiffsbauer Andrews wird als sehr freundlicher und angenehmer Mann dargestellt, der seine große Leistung bescheiden zeigt. Nach der Kollision versucht er die anderen, vor allem Ismay, davon zu überzeugen, dass es eine "mathematische Gewissheit" ist, dass das Schiff untergehen wird. Er wird während des Untergangs des Schiffes als neben der Uhr stehender Raucherraum der ersten Klasse dargestellt und beklagt, dass er kein starkes und sicheres Schiff gebaut hat. Obwohl dies eine der berühmtesten Legenden des Untergangs der Titanic geworden ist, kam diese Geschichte, die in einem Buch von 1912 ( Thomas Andrews: Shipbuilder ) veröffentlicht und daher verewigt wurde von John Stewart, einem Steward auf dem Schiff, der das Schiff tatsächlich in Boot Nr. 15 um ca. 1:40 Uhr verließ. ^[25] Nach diesem Moment gab es Zeugnisse von Sichtungen von Andrews. ^[25] Es scheint, als ob Andrews in der Raucherzimmer für einige Zeit, um seine Gedanken zu sammeln, dann half er weiter bei der Evakuierung. ^[25] Eine andere Sichtung war, als Andrews verzweifelt Liegestühle in den Ozean warf, die die Passagiere als Schwimmgeräte benutzen konnten. Andrews war zuletzt gesehen worden, als er das Schiff im letzten Moment verlassen hatte.


• Bernard Hill als Captain Edward John Smith: Smith plante, die Titanic zu seiner letzten Reise zu machen, bevor er in Rente ging. Er zieht sich in das Ruderhaus auf der Brücke zurück, während das Schiff sinkt und stirbt, als die Fenster aus dem Wasser implodieren, während er sich am Rad des Schiffs festhält. Es gibt widersprüchliche Berichte darüber, ob er auf diese Weise starb oder später im Wasser in der Nähe des gekenterten zusammenklappbaren Rettungsbootes "B" erfroren wurde. ^[26]


• Jonathan Hyde als J. Bruce Ismay: Ismay wird als reicher, unwissender Mann der Oberschicht dargestellt. In dem Film nutzt er seine Position als Geschäftsführer der White Star Line, um Captain Smith dazu zu bringen, mit der Aussicht auf eine frühere Ankunft in New York und günstiger Aufmerksamkeit in der Presse schneller voranzukommen; Während diese Aktion in populären Darstellungen der Katastrophe erscheint, wird sie durch Beweise nicht untermauert. ^[27][28] Nach der Kollision versucht er zu verstehen, dass sein "unsinkbares" Schiff zum Scheitern verurteilt ist. Ismay kann später Collapsible C (eines der letzten Rettungsboote, die das Schiff verlassen haben) besteigen, bevor es abgesenkt wird. Er wurde von der Presse und der Öffentlichkeit als Feigling gebrandmarkt, weil er die Katastrophe überlebt hatte, während viele Frauen und Kinder ertrunken waren.


• Eric Braeden als John Jacob Astor IV: Ein Passagier der ersten Klasse, den Rose (zu Recht) den reichsten Mann auf dem Schiff nennt . Der Film zeigt Astor und seine 18-jährige Frau Madeleine (Charlotte Chatton), wie sie Jack von Rose im erstklassigen Speisesaal vorstellt. Während der Einführung fragt Astor, ob Jack mit den "Boston Dawsons" verbunden ist, eine Frage, die Jack souverän ablehnt, indem er sagt, dass er stattdessen mit den Chippewa Falls Dawsons verbunden ist. Astor wird zuletzt gesehen, als die Glaskuppel der Grand Staircase implodiert und Wasser hereinströmt.


• Bernard Fox als Oberst Archibald Gracie IV: Der Film zeigt Gracie, wie er Cal kommentiert, dass "Frauen und Maschinen sich nicht mischen" und Jack gratulierte weil er Rose vor dem Absturz gerettet hatte, obwohl er nicht wusste, dass dies ein Selbstmordversuch war. Fox hatte Frederick Flotte im Film von 1958 Eine Nacht zum Erinnern dargelegt.


• Michael Ensign als Benjamin Guggenheim: Ein Bergbau-Magnat reist in der ersten Klasse. Er zeigt seine französische Herrin Madame Aubert (Fannie Brett) seinen Mitreisenden, während seine Frau und seine drei Töchter zu Hause auf ihn warten. Als Jack nach seiner Rettung von Rose zu den anderen First-Class-Passagieren zum Essen kommt, bezeichnet ihn Guggenheim als "Bohemian". Man sieht ihn in der Flut der Großen Treppe während des Untergangs und sagt, er sei bereit, als Gentleman unterzugehen.


• Jonathan Evans-Jones als Wallace Hartley: Der Kapellmeister und Geiger des Schiffes, der mit seinen Kollegen auf dem Bootsdeck erhebende Musik spielt wie das Schiff sinkt. Als der letzte Sprung beginnt, führt er die Band in einer Abschlussaufführung von Nearer, My God, TheEe nach Bethany ^[29][30] und stirbt im Untergang.


• Mark Lindsay Chapman als Chief Officer Henry Wilde: Der Chief Officer des Schiffes, der Cal an Bord eines Rettungsbootes lässt, weil er ein Kind im Arm hat. Bevor er stirbt, versucht er die Boote dazu zu bringen, zur Versinkungsstätte zurückzukehren, um die Passagiere durch Pfeifen zu retten. Nachdem er zu Tode gefroren ist, verwendet Rose seine Pfeife, um die Aufmerksamkeit des fünften Offiziers Lowe auf sich zu ziehen, was zu ihrer Rettung führt.


• Ewan Stewart als Erster Offizier William Murdoch: Der Offizier, der in der Nacht für die Brücke zuständig ist Schiff schlug den Eisberg. Während eines Ansturms nach den Rettungsbooten erschießt Murdoch Tommy Ryan und einen anderen Passagier in einer vorübergehenden Panik und begeht dann Selbstmord aus Schuld. Als Murdochs Neffe Scott den Film sah, widersprach er der Darstellung seines Onkels als schädlich für Murdochs heroischen Ruf. ^[31] Einige Monate später ging Fox-Vizepräsident Scott Neeson nach Dalbeattie, Schottland, wo Murdoch lebte, um sich persönlich zu entschuldigen und überreichte der Dalbeattie High School eine Spende in Höhe von £ 5.000, um den William-Murdoch-Memorial-Preis der Schule zu fördern. ^[32] Cameron entschuldigte sich für den DVD-Kommentar, gab jedoch an, dass Offiziere geschossen hätten, um die Politik der "Frauen und Kinder zuerst" durchzusetzen . Cameron zufolge handelt es sich bei seiner Darstellung von Murdoch um die Darstellung eines "ehrenwerten Mannes", nicht eines Mannes, der "schlecht geworden ist" oder eines "feigen Mörders". Er fügte hinzu: "Ich bin mir nicht sicher, ob Sie heute dasselbe Verantwortungsbewusstsein und völlige Pflichterfüllung finden werden. Dieser Typ hatte die Hälfte seiner Rettungsboote gestartet, noch bevor sein Gegenstück auf der Hafenseite eines gestartet hatte. Das sagt etwas über den Charakter aus und Heroismus. " ^[34]


• Jonathan Phillips als zweiter Offizier Charles Lightoller. Der Film zeigt Lightoller, der Captain Smith informiert, dass es schwierig sein wird, Eisberge zu sehen, ohne Wasser zu zerbrechen. Man sieht, wie er eine Waffe schwingt und droht, damit Ordnung zu halten. Er ist auf Collapsible B zu sehen, wenn der erste Trichter zusammenbricht. Lightoller war der ranghöchste Offizier, der die Katastrophe überlebt hatte.


• Simon Crane als Vierter Offizier Joseph Boxhall: Der Offizier, der für das Abfeuern von Fackeln verantwortlich war und das Rettungsboot 2 während des Untergangs bemannt hatte. Er ist auf den Brückenflügeln gezeigt, die den Seeleuten beim Abfeuern helfen.


• Ioan Gruffudd als fünfter Offizier Harold Lowe: Der einzige Offizier des Schiffes, der ein Rettungsboot führt, um Überlebende der Versenkung aus dem eisigen Wasser zu holen. Der Film zeigt Lowe, der Rose rettet.


• Edward Fletcher als sechster Offizier James Moody: Der einzige jüngere Offizier des Schiffes, der in der Versenkung gestorben ist. Der Film zeigt Moody, wie er Jack und Fabrizio kurz vor seiner Abfahrt aus Southampton auf das Schiff einlässt. Moody wird später gezeigt, nachdem Murdoch den Befehl erhalten hatte, das Schiff auf volle Fahrt zu bringen, und der Erste Offizier Murdoch wird über den Eisberg informiert. Er wurde zuletzt gesehen, als er sich an einem der Davits auf der Steuerbordseite festhielt, nachdem er erfolglos versucht hatte, das zusammenklappbare A. zu starten. James Lancaster als Pater Thomas Byles: Der zweite katholische Priester Pater Byles, ein katholischer Priester aus England, wird gebetet und dargestellt Passagiere in den letzten Momenten des Schiffes tröstend.


• Lew Palter und Elsa Raven als Isidor Straus und Ida Straus: Isidor ist ein ehemaliger Besitzer von RH Macy and Company, ein ehemaliger Kongressabgeordneter aus New York und Mitglied der New Yorker und New Jersey Bridge Commission. Während des Untergangs wird seiner Frau Ida ein Platz in einem Rettungsboot angeboten, lehnt dies jedoch ab und sagt, dass sie ihr Hochzeitsversprechen durch einen Aufenthalt bei Isidor ehren wird. Sie werden zuletzt auf ihrem Bett liegend gesehen, als sich Wasser umgibt, als sich ihre Kabine füllt.


• Martin Jarvis als Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon: Ein schottischer Baronet, der im Rettungsboot 1 gerettet wird. Die Rettungsboote 1 und 2 waren Rettungsboote mit einer Kapazität von 40. Sie befinden sich am vorderen Ende des Bootsdecks und sind bereit für den Fall, dass eine Person über Bord fällt. In der Nacht der Katastrophe war das Rettungsboot 1 das vierte, an dem 12 Personen an Bord waren, darunter Duff-Gordon, seine Frau und ihre Sekretärin. Das Baronett wurde wegen seines Verhaltens während des Vorfalls viel kritisiert. Es wurde vermutet, dass er das Notboot in Verletzung der "Frauen und Kinder zuerst" -Politik bestiegen hatte und dass das Boot nicht zurückgekehrt war, um diejenigen zu retten, die im Wasser kämpften. Er bot jeder Besatzung des Rettungsbootes fünf Pfund an, was die, die sein Verhalten kritisierten, als Bestechung ansah. Die damaligen Duff-Gordons (und die Sekretärin seiner Frau in einem Brief, der 2007 geschrieben und 2007 wiederentdeckt wurde) gaben an, es habe keine Frauen oder Kinder gewartet, die in der Nähe des Starts ihres Bootes an Bord gingen, und es gibt eine Bestätigung Das Rettungsboot 1 der Titanic war fast leer und der Erste Offizier William Murdoch war anscheinend froh, Duff-Gordon und seiner Frau und ihrer Sekretärin einen Platz anzubieten (nur um ihn zu füllen), nachdem sie gefragt hatten, ob sie mitkommen könnten. Duff-Gordon bestritt, dass sein Angebot an die Rettungsbootbesatzung eine Bestechung darstellte. Die Untersuchung der britischen Handelskammer zu der Katastrophe akzeptierte Duff-Gordons Ablehnung, die Besatzung zu bestechen, behauptete jedoch, dass das Rettungsboot, wenn es auf die Menschen im Wasser gerudert hätte, einige von ihnen hätte retten können ^{[35] [36]}


• Rosalind Ayres als Lady Duff-Gordon: Eine weltbekannte Modedesignerin und Sir Cosmos Frau. Sie wird mit ihrem Ehemann in Rettungsboot 1 gerettet. Gerüchte, dass sie der Crew des Rettungsboots verboten hätten, an den Wrackplatz zurückzukehren, falls sie überschwemmt werden sollten, hatten sie und ihr Ehemann nie aufgegeben. ^{[37] [38]} [39]


• Rochelle Rose als Noël Leslie, Gräfin von Rothes: Die Gräfin ist mit Cal und den DeWitt Bukaters befreundet. Obwohl sie einen höheren Status in der Gesellschaft hat als Sir Cosmo und Lady Duff-Gordon, ist sie nett und hilft, das Boot zu rudern und kümmert sich sogar um die Passagiere.


• Scott G. Anderson als Frederick Fleet: Der Ausguck, der das gesehen hat Eisberg. Die Flotte entkommt dem sinkenden Schiff an Bord des Rettungsboots 6.


• Paul Brightwell als Quartiermeister Robert Hichens: Einer der sechs Quartiermeister des Schiffes und zum Zeitpunkt des Zusammenstoßes am Schiffsrad. Er ist für das Rettungsboot 6 zuständig. Er weigert sich, nach dem Untergang Überlebende zu holen, und schließlich wird das Boot von Molly Brown kommandiert.


• Martin East als Reginald Lee: Der andere Ausguck im Krähennest. Er überlebt den Untergang.


• Gregory Cooke als Jack Phillips: Leitender Funker an Bord der Titanic dem Captain Smith befohlen hatte, das Notsignal zu senden.


• Craig Kelly als Harold Bride: Junior Funker an Bord der Titanic .


• Liam Tuohy als Chefbäcker Charles Joughin: Der Bäcker erscheint in dem Film mit Jack und Rose auf dem Geländer, während das Schiff sinkt und aus einer Flasche Schnaps trinkt. Laut der Aussage von Joughin ritt er das Schiff herunter und stieg ins Wasser, ohne sich die Haare nass zu machen. Er gab auch zu, die Erkältung kaum zu spüren, höchstwahrscheinlich dank Alkohol. Terry Forrestal als Chefingenieur Joseph G. Bell: Bell und seine Männer arbeiteten bis zur letzten Minute, um die Lichter zu halten und die Stromversorgung eingeschaltet, damit Notsignale ausgehen. Bell und alle Ingenieure starben im Darm der Titanic .

Cameos

Mehrere Besatzungsmitglieder der Akademik Mstislav Keldysh erschienen im Film, darunter Anatoly Sagalevich, Schöpfer und Pilot des MIR selbstfahrenden Deep Submergence Vehicle. ^[41] Anders Falk, der einen Dokumentarfilm über die Kulissen des Films für die Titanic Historical Society drehte, erscheint in Cameo der Film als schwedischer Einwanderer, den Jack Dawson trifft, als er seine Kabine betritt; Edward Kamuda und Karen Kamuda, der damalige Präsident und Vizepräsident der Gesellschaft, die als Filmberater dienten, wurden als Komparsen im Film gecastet. ^[42][43]

Pre-Produktion

Schreiben und Inspiration

"Die Geschichte konnte nicht gewesen sein besser geschrieben ... Das Nebeneinander von Arm und Reich, die bis zum Tod ausgesprochenen Geschlechterrollen (Frauen zuerst), der Stoizismus und der Adel eines vergangenen Zeitalters, die Großartigkeit des großen Schiffes, die nur von der Torheit der Männer in Einklang gebracht wurde trieb sie höllisch durch die Dunkelheit. Und vor allem die Lektion: Dieses Leben ist unsicher, die Zukunft ist unerkennbar ... das Undenkbare möglich. "

- James Cameron [44]

James Cameron hatte eine Faszination für Schiffswracks, und für ihn war die RMS Titanic der "Mount Everest of Shipwrecks". Er war fast am Punkt vorbei Sein Leben, als er glaubte, er könnte eine Unterwasser-Expedition in Betracht ziehen, sagte aber, er habe immer noch "eine geistige Unruhe", um das Leben zu leben, von dem er sich abgewandt hatte, als er von der Wissenschaft in die Kunst am College wechselte. Als ein IMAX-Film aus Filmmaterial des Wracks selbst gemacht wurde, beschloss er, Hollywood-Mittel zu suchen, um "eine Expedition zu bezahlen und dasselbe zu tun". Es sei "nicht, weil ich den Film besonders machen wollte", sagte Cameron. "Ich wollte zum Schiffbruch springen." ^[45]

Cameron schrieb ein Skript für einen Titanic -Film, ^[48] traf sich mit Führungskräften des 20. Jahrhunderts, darunter Peter Chernin, und stellte es als "Romeo und Julia auf der Titanic " auf. ^[46][47] Cameron erklärte: "Sie sagten:" Oooooohkaaaaaay - ein dreistündiges romantisches Epos? Sicher, ist es genau das, was wir wollen ein bisschen von Terminator in dem? Irgendwelche Harrier-Jets, Schießereien oder Verfolgungsjagden? ' Ich sagte: "Nein, nein, nein. So ist es nicht. 19459103" "^[11] Das Studio war über die wirtschaftlichen Perspektiven der Idee zweifelhaft, aber in der Hoffnung auf eine langfristige Beziehung mit Cameron gaben sie ein grünes Licht. ^[11][12][21]

Cameron überzeugte Fox, den Film basierend auf der Werbung zu fördern, die er durch das Erschießen des Titanic -Projekts selbst gewährt hatte, ^[48] und organisierte über zwei Jahre mehrere Tauchgänge an die Baustelle. 19659101] "Mein Pitch musste etwas detaillierter sein", sagte Cameron. "Also sagte ich: 'Schauen Sie, wir müssen diese ganze Eröffnung machen, wo sie die Titanic erkunden, und sie finden den Diamanten, also werden wir all diese Aufnahmen des Schiffes haben. " Cameron erklärte: "Jetzt können wir sie entweder mit ausgefeilten Modellen und Bewegungssteuerungsaufnahmen und CG und all dem machen, was X-Betrag kostet - oder wir können X plus 30 Prozent ausgeben und tatsächlich auf das wahre Wrack schießen . "^[46] Die Besatzung schoss 1995 zwölf Mal auf das wirkliche Wrack im Atlantik und verbrachte tatsächlich mehr Zeit mit dem Schiff als seinen Passagieren. In dieser Tiefe mit einem Wasserdruck von 6.000 Pfund pro Quadratzentimeter würde "ein kleiner Fehler im Überbau des Schiffes den sofortigen Tod für alle an Bord bedeuten." Not only were the dives high-risk, but adverse conditions prevented Cameron from getting the high quality footage that he wanted.^[12] During one dive, one of the submersibles collided with Titanic's hull, damaging both sub and ship and leaving fragments of the submersible's propeller shroud scattered around the superstructure. The external bulkhead of Captain Smith's quarters collapsed, exposing the interior. The area around the entrance to the Grand Staircase was also damaged.^[49]

Descending to the actual site made both Cameron and crew want "to live up to that level of reality ... But there was another level of reaction coming away from the real wreck, which was that it wasn't just a story, it wasn't just a drama," he said. "It was an event that happened to real people who really died. Working around the wreck for so much time, you get such a strong sense of the profound sadness and injustice of it, and the message of it." Cameron stated, "You think, 'There probably aren't going to be many filmmakers who go to Titanic. There may never be another one – maybe a documentarian." Due to this, he felt "a great mantle of responsibility to convey the emotional message of it – to do that part of it right, too".^[21]

After filming the underwater shots, Cameron began writing the screenplay.^[48] He wanted to honor the people who died during the sinking, so he spent six months researching all of the Titanic's crew and passengers.^[44] "I read everything I could. I created an extremely detailed timeline of the ship's few days and a very detailed timeline of the last night of its life," he said.^[46] "And I worked within that to write the script, and I got some historical experts to analyze what I'd written and comment on it, and I adjusted it."^[46] He paid meticulous attention to detail, even including a scene depicting the Californian's role in Titanic's demise, though this was later cut (see below). From the beginning of the shoot, they had "a very clear picture" of what happened on the ship that night. "I had a library that filled one whole wall of my writing office with Titanic stuff, because I wanted it to be right, especially if we were going to dive to the ship," he said. "That set the bar higher in a way – it elevated the movie in a sense. We wanted this to be a definitive visualization of this moment in history as if you'd gone back in a time machine and shot it."^[46]

Cameron felt the Titanic sinking was "like a great novel that really happened", but that the event had become a mere morality tale; the film would give audiences the experience of living the history.^[44] The treasure hunter Brock Lovett represented those who never connected with the human element of the tragedy,^[41] while the blossoming romance of Jack and Rose, Cameron believed, would be the most engaging part of the story: when their love is finally destroyed, the audience would mourn the loss.^[44] He said: "All my films are love stories, but in Titanic I finally got the balance right. It's not a disaster film. It's a love story with a fastidious overlay of real history."^[21]

Cameron framed the romance with the elderly Rose to make the intervening years palpable and poignant.^[44] While Winslet and Stuart stated their belief that, instead of being asleep in her bed, the character dies at the end of the film,^[51] Cameron said that he would rather not reveal what he intended with the ending because "

Scale modeling

The reconstruction of the RMS Titanic. The blueprints were supplied by the original ship's builder and Cameron tried to make the ship as detailed and accurate as possible.^[52]

Harland and Wolff, the RMS Titanic's builders, opened their private archives to the crew, sharing blueprints that were thought lost. For the ship's interiors, production designer Peter Lamont's team looked for artifacts from the era. The newness of the ship meant every prop had to be made from scratch.^[52] Fox acquired 40 acres of waterfront south of Playas de Rosarito in Mexico, and began building a new studio on May 31, 1996. A horizon tank of seventeen million gallons was built for the exterior of the reconstructed ship, providing 270 degrees of ocean view. The ship was built to full scale, but Lamont remove d redundant sections on the superstructure and forward well deck for the ship to fit in the tank, with the remaining sections filled with digital models. The lifeboats and funnels were shrunken by ten percent. The boat deck and A-deck were working sets, but the rest of the ship was just steel plating. Within was a fifty-foot lifting platform for the ship to tilt during the sinking sequences. Towering above was a 162-foot-tall (49 m) tower crane on 600 feet (180 m) of rail track, acting as a combined construction, lighting, and camera platform.^[41]

The sets representing the interior rooms of the Titanic were reproduced exactly as originally built, using photographs and plans from the Titanic's builders. The Grand Staircase, which features prominently in the film, was recreated to a high standard of authenticity, though it was widened 30% compared to the original and reinforced with steel girders. Craftsmen from Mexico and Britain sculpted the ornate paneling and plaster-work based on Titanic's' original designs.^[53] The carpeting, upholstery, individual pieces of furniture, light fixtures, chairs, cutlery and crockery with the White Star Line crest on each piece were among the objects recreated according to original designs.^[54] Cameron additionally hired two Titanic historians, Don Lynch and Ken Marschall, to authenticate the historical detail in the film.^[12]

Production

Principal photography for Titanic began in July 1996 at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, with the filming of the modern day expedition scenes aboard the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh.^[41] In September 1996, the production moved to the newly built Fox Baja Studios in Rosarito, Mexico, where a full scale RMS Titanic had been constructed.^[41] The poop deck was built on a hinge which could rise from zero to 90 degrees in a few seconds, just as the ship's stern rose during the sinking.^[55] For the safety of the stuntmen, many props were made of foam rubber.^[56] By November 15, the boarding scenes were being shot.^[55] Cameron chose to build his RMS Titanic on the starboard side as a study of weather data revealed it was a prevailing north-to-south wind which blew the funnel smoke aft. This posed a problem for shooting the ship's departure from Southampton, as it was docked on its port side. Implementation of written directions, as well as props and costumes, had to be reversed; for example, if someone walked to their right in the script, they had to walk left during shooting. In post-production, the film was flipped to the correct direction.^[57]

A full-time etiquette coach was hired to instruct the cast in the manners of the upper class gentility in 1912.^[12] Despite this, several critics picked up on anachronisms in the film, not least involving the two main stars.^[58][59]

Cameron's nude sketch of Rose wearing the "Heart of the Ocean". The associated nude scene was one of the first scenes shot, as the main set was not yet ready.^[21]

Cameron sketched Jack's nude portrait of Rose^[60] for a scene which he feels has the backdrop of repression. "You know what it means for her, the freedom she must be feeling. It's kind of exhilarating for that reason," he said.^[21] The nude scene was DiCaprio and Winslet's first scene together. "It wasn't by any kind of design, although I couldn't have designed it better. There's a nervousness and an energy and a hesitance in them," Cameron stated. "They had rehearsed together, but they hadn't shot anything together. If I'd had a choice, I probably would have preferred to put it deeper into the body of the shoot." Cameron said he and his crew "were just trying to find things to shoot" because the big set "wasn't ready for months, so we were scrambling around trying to fill in anything we could get to shoot." After seeing the scene on film, Cameron felt it worked out considerably well.^[21]

Other times on the set were not as smooth. The shoot was an arduous experience that "cemented Cameron's formidable reputation as 'the scariest man in Hollywood'. He became known as an uncompromising, hard-charging perfectionist" and a "300-decibel screamer, a modern-day Captain Bligh with a megaphone and walkie-talkie, swooping down into people's faces on a 162ft crane".^[61] Winslet chipped a bone in her elbow during filming and had been worried that she would drown in the 17m-gallon water tank the ship was to be sunk in. "There were times when I was genuinely frightened of him. Jim has a temper like you wouldn't believe," she said.^[61] "'God damn it!' he would yell at some poor crew member, 'that's exactly what I didn't want!'"^[61] Her co-star, Bill Paxton, was familiar with Cameron's work ethic from his earlier experience with him. "There were a lot of people on the set. Jim is not one of those guys who has the time to win hearts and minds," he said.^[61] The crew felt Cameron had an evil alter ego and so nicknamed him "Mij" (Jim spelt backwards).^[61] In response to the criticism, Cameron stated, "Film-making is war. A great battle between business and aesthetics."^[61]

During the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh shoot in Canada, an angry crew member put the dissociative drug PCP into the soup that Cameron and various others ate one night in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.^[11][62] It sent more than 50 people to the hospital, including Paxton.^[62] "There were people just rolling around, completely out of it. Some of them said they were seeing streaks and psychedelics," said actor Lewis Abernathy.^[11] Cameron managed to vomit before the drug took a full hold. Abernathy was shocked at the way he looked. "One eye was completely red, like the Terminator eye. A pupil, no iris, beet red. The other eye looked like he'd been sniffing glue since he was four."^[11][61] The person behind the poisoning was never caught.^[63]

The filming schedule was intended to last 138 days but grew to 160. Many cast members came down with colds, flu, or kidney infections after spending hours in cold water, including Winslet. In the end, she decided she would not work with Cameron again unless she earned "a lot of money".^[63] Several others left the production, and three stuntmen broke their bones, but the Screen Actors Guild decided, following an investigation, that nothing was inherently unsafe about the set.^[63] Additionally, DiCaprio said there was no point when he felt he was in danger during filming.^[64] Cameron believed in a passionate work ethic and never apologized for the way he ran his sets, although he acknowledged:

I'm demanding, and I'm demanding on my crew. In terms of being kind of militaresque, I think there's an element of that in dealing with thousands of extras and big logistics and keeping people safe. I think you have to have a fairly strict methodology in dealing with a large number of people.^[63]

The costs of filming Titanic eventually began to mount and finally reached $200 million,^[4][5][6] a bit over $1 million per minute of screen time.^[65] Fox executives panicked and suggested an hour of specific cuts from the three-hour film. They argued the extended length would mean fewer showings, thus less revenue, even though long epics are more likely to help directors win Oscars. Cameron refused, telling Fox, "You want to cut my movie? You're going to have to fire me! You want to fire me? You're going to have to kill me!"^[11] The executives did not want to start over, because it would mean the loss of their entire investment, but they also initially rejected Cameron's offer of forfeiting his share of the profits as an empty gesture, as they predicted profits would be unlikely.^[11]

Cameron explained forfeiting his share as complex. "... the short version is that the film cost proportionally much more than T2 and True Lies. Those films went up seven or eight percent from the initial budget. Titanic also had a large budget to begin with, but it went up a lot more," he said. "As the producer and director, I take responsibility for the studio that's writing the checks, so I made it less painful for them. I did that on two different occasions. They didn't force me to do it; they were glad that I did."^[21]

Post-production

Effects

Cameron wanted to push the boundary of special effects with his film, and enlisted Digital Domain to continue the developments in digital technology which the director pioneered while working on The Abyss and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. Many previous films about the RMS Titanic shot water in slow motion, which did not look wholly convincing.^[66] Cameron encouraged his crew to shoot their 45-foot-long (14 m) miniature of the ship as if "we're making a commercial for the White Star Line".^[67] Afterwards, digital water and smoke were added, as were extras captured on a motion capture stage. Visual effects supervisor Rob Legato scanned the faces of many actors, including himself and his children, for the digital extras and stuntmen. There was also a 65-foot-long (20 m) model of the ship's stern that could break in two repeatedly, the only miniature to be used in water.^[66] For scenes set in the ship's engines, footage of the SS Jeremiah O'Brien's engines were composited with miniature support frames, and actors shot against a greenscreen.^[68] In order to save money, the first-class lounge was a miniature set incorporated into a greenscreen backdrop behind the actors.^[69] The miniature of the Lounge would later be crushed to simulate the destruction of the room and a scale model of a First-Class corridor flooded with jets of water while the camera pans out.^[70]

Unlike previous Titanic films, Cameron's retelling of the disaster showed the ship breaking into two pieces before sinking entirely. The scenes were an account of the moment's most likely outcome.

An enclosed 5,000,000-US-gallon (19,000,000 L) tank was used for sinking interiors, in which the entire set could be tilted into the water. In order to sink the Grand Staircase, 90,000 US gallons (340,000 L) of water were dumped into the set as it was lowered into the tank. Unexpectedly, the waterfall ripped the staircase from its steel-reinforced foundations, although no one was hurt. The 744-foot-long (227 m) exterior of the RMS Titanic had its first half lowered into the tank, but as the heaviest part of the ship it acted as a shock absorber against the water; to get the set into the water, Cameron had much of the set emptied and even smashed some of the promenade windows himself. After submerging the dining saloon, three days were spent shooting Lovett's ROV traversing the wreck in the present.^[41] The post-sinking scenes in the freezing Atlantic were shot in a 350,000-US-gallon (1,300,000 L) tank,^[71] where the frozen corpses were created by applying on actors a powder that crystallized when exposed to water, and wax was coated on hair and clothes.^[52]

The climactic scene, which features the breakup of the ship directly before it sinks as well as its final plunge to the bottom of the Atlantic, involved a tilting full-sized set, 150 extras, and 100 stunt performers. Cameron criticized previous Titanic films for depicting the liner's final plunge as a graceful slide underwater. He "wanted to depict it as the terrifyingly chaotic event that it really was".^[12] When carrying out the sequence, people needed to fall off the increasingly tilting deck, plunging hundreds of feet below and bouncing off of railings and propellers on the way down. A few attempts to film this sequence with stunt people resulted in some minor injuries, and Cameron halted the more dangerous stunts. The risks were eventually minimized "by using computer generated people for the dangerous falls".^[12]

Editing

There was one "crucial historical fact" Cameron chose to omit from the film – the SS Californian was close to the Titanic the night she sank but had turned off its radio for the night, did not hear her crew's SOS calls, and did not respond to their distress flares. "Yes, the [SS] Californian. That wasn't a compromise to mainstream filmmaking. That was really more about emphasis, creating an emotional truth to the film," stated Cameron. He said there were aspects of retelling the sinking that seemed important in pre- and post-production, but turned out to be less important as the film evolved. "The story of the Californian was in there; we even shot a scene of them switching off their Marconi radio set," said Cameron. "But I took it out. It was a clean cut, because it focuses you back onto that world. If Titanic is powerful as a metaphor, as a microcosm, for the end of the world in a sense, then that world must be self-contained."^[21]

During the first assembly cut, Cameron altered the planned ending, which had given resolution to Brock Lovett's story. In the original version of the ending, Brock and Lizzy see the elderly Rose at the stern of the boat and fear she is going to commit suicide. Rose then reveals that she had the "Heart of the Ocean" diamond all along but never sold it, in order to live on her own without Cal's money. She tells Brock that life is priceless and throws the diamond into the ocean, after allowing him to hold it. After accepting that treasure is worthless, Brock laughs at his stupidity. Rose then goes back to her cabin to sleep, whereupon the film ends in the same way as the final version. In the editing room, Cameron decided that by this point, the audience would no longer be interested in Brock Lovett and cut the resolution to his story, so that Rose is alone when she drops the diamond. He also did not want to disrupt the audience's melancholy after the Titanic's sinking.^[72] Paxton agreed that his scene with Brock's epiphany and laugh was unnecessary, stating that "I would have shot heroin to make the scene work better ...you didn't really need anything from us. Our job was done by then ... If you're smart and you take the ego and the narcissism out of it, you'll listen to the film, and the film will tell you what it needs and what it does not need".^[73]

The version used for the first test screening featured a fight between Jack and Lovejoy which takes place after Jack and Rose escape into the flooded dining saloon, but the test audiences disliked it. The scene was written to give the film more suspense, and featured Cal (falsely) offering to give Lovejoy, his valet, the "Heart of the Ocean" if he can get it from Jack and Rose. Lovejoy goes after the pair in the sinking first-class dining room. Just as they are about to escape him, Lovejoy notices Rose's hand slap the water as it slips off the table behind which she is hiding. In revenge for framing him for the "theft" of the necklace, Jack attacks him and smashes his head against a glass window, which explains the gash on Lovejoy's head that can be seen when he dies in the completed version of the film. In their reactions to the scene, test audiences said it would be unrealistic to risk one's life for wealth, and Cameron cut it for this reason, as well as for timing and pacing reasons. Many other scenes were cut for similar reasons.

Music and soundtrack

The soundtrack album for Titanic was composed by James Horner. For the vocals heard throughout the film, subsequently described by Earle Hitchner of The Wall Street Journal as "evocative", Horner chose Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø, commonly known as "Sissel". Horner knew Sissel from her album Innerst i sjelenand he particularly liked how she sang "Eg veit i himmerik ei borg" ("I Know in Heaven There Is a Castle"). He had tried twenty-five or thirty singers before he finally chose Sissel as the voice to create specific moods within the film.^[75]

Horner additionally wrote the song "My Heart Will Go On" in secret with Will Jennings because Cameron did not want any songs with singing in the film.^[76]Céline Dion agreed to record a demo with the persuasion of her husband René Angélil. Horner waited until Cameron was in an appropriate mood before presenting him with the song. After playing it several times, Cameron declared his approval, although worried that he would have been criticized for "going commercial at the end of the movie".^[76] Cameron also wanted to appease anxious studio executives and "saw that a hit song from his movie could only be a positive factor in guaranteeing its completion".^[12]

Release

Initial screening

20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures co-financed Titanicwith Paramount handling the North American distribution and Fox handling the international release. They expected Cameron to complete the film for a release on July 2, 1997. The film was to be released on this date "in order to exploit the lucrative summer season ticket sales when blockbuster films usually do better".^[12] In April, Cameron said the film's special effects were too complicated and that releasing the film for summer would not be possible.^[12] With production delays, Paramount pushed back the release date to December 19, 1997.^[77] "This fueled speculation that the film itself was a disaster." A preview screening in Minneapolis on July 14 "generated positive reviews" and "[c]hatter on the internet was responsible for more favorable word of mouth about the [film]". This eventually led to more positive media coverage.^[12]

The film premiered on November 1, 1997, at the Tokyo International Film Festival,^[78] where reaction was described as "tepid" by The New York Times.^[79] Positive reviews started to appear back in the United States; the official Hollywood premiere occurred on December 14, 1997, where "the big movie stars who attended the opening were enthusiastically gushing about the film to the world media".^[12]

Box office

Including revenue from the 2012 and 2017 reissues, Titanic earned $659.4 million in North America and $1.528 billion in other countries, for a worldwide total of $2.187 billion.^[7] It became the highest-grossing film of all time worldwide in 1998, and remained so for twelve years, until Avatar (2009), also written and directed by Cameron, surpassed it in 2010.^[80] On March 1, 1998,^[81] it became the first film to earn more than $1 billion worldwide^[82] and on the weekend April 13–15, 2012—a century after the original vessel's foundering, Titanic became the second film to cross the $2 billion threshold during its 3D re-release.^[83]Box Office Mojo estimates that Titanic is the fifth highest-grossing film of all time in North America when adjusting for ticket price inflation.^[84] The site also estimates that the film sold over 128 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.^[85]

Titanic was the first foreign-language film to succeed in India, which has the largest movie-going audience in the world.^[86] A 2012 Hindustan Times report attributes this to the film's similarities and shared themes with most Bollywood films.^[87]

Initial theatrical run

The film received steady attendance after opening in North America on Friday, December 19, 1997. By the end of that same weekend, theaters were beginning to sell out. The film earned $8,658,814 on its opening day and $28,638,131 over the opening weekend from 2,674 theaters, averaging to about $10,710 per venue, and ranking number one at the box office, ahead of the eighteenth James Bond film, Tomorrow Never Dies. By New Year's Day, Titanic had made over $120 million, had increased in popularity and theaters continued to sell out. Its highest grossing single day was Saturday, February 14, 1998, on which it earned $13,048,711, more than eight weeks after its North American debut.^[88][89] It stayed at number one for 15 consecutive weeks in North America, a record for any film.^[90] The film stayed in theaters in North America for almost 10 months before finally closing on Thursday, October 1, 1998 with a final domestic gross of $600,788,188.^[91] Outside North America, the film made double its North American gross, generating $1,242,413,080^[92] and accumulating a grand total of $1,843,201,268 worldwide from its initial theatrical run.^[93]

Commercial analysis

Before Titanic's release, various film critics predicted the film would be a significant disappointment at the box office, especially due to it being the most expensive film ever made at the time.^{[61][94][95][96]} When it was shown to the press in autumn of 1997, "it was with massive forebodings" since the "people in charge of the screenings believed they were on the verge of losing their jobs – because of this great albatross of a picture on which, finally, two studios had to combine to share the great load of its making".^[95] Cameron also thought he was "headed for disaster" at one point during filming. "We labored the last six months on Titanic in the absolute knowledge that the studio would lose $100 million. It was a certainty," he stated.^[61] As the film neared release, "particular venom was spat at Cameron for what was seen as his hubris and monumental extravagance". A film critic for the Los Angeles Times wrote that "Cameron's overweening pride has come close to capsizing this project" and that the film was "a hackneyed, completely derivative copy of old Hollywood romances".^[61]

"It's hard to forget the director on the stage of the Shrine Auditorium in LA, exultant, pumping a golden Oscar statuette into the air and shouting: 'I'm the king of the world!' As everyone knew, that was the most famous line in Titanicexclaimed by Leonardo DiCaprio's character as he leaned into the wind on the prow of the doomed vessel. Cameron's incantation of the line was a giant 'eff off', in front of a television audience approaching a billion, to all the naysayers, especially those sitting right in front of him."

— Christopher Goodwin of The Times on Cameron's response to Titanic's criticism[61]

When the film became a success, with an unprecedented box office performance, it was credited for being a love story that captured its viewers' emotions.^[94] The film was playing on 3,200 screens ten weeks after it opened,^[95] and out of its fifteen straight weeks on top of the charts, jumped 43% in total sales in its ninth week of release. It earned over $20 million a week for ten weeks,^[97] and after 14 weeks was still bringing in more than $1 million a week.^[95] 20th Century Fox estimated that seven percent of American teenage girls had seen Titanic twice by its fifth week.^[98] Although young women who saw the film several times, and subsequently caused "Leo-Mania", were often credited with having primarily propelled the film to its all-time box office record,^[99] other reports have attributed the film's success to positive word of mouth and repeat viewership due to the love story combined with the ground-breaking special effects.^[97][100]

The film's impact on men has also been especially credited.^{[101][102][103]} Considered one of the films that make men cry,^[101][102]MSNBC's Ian Hodder stated that men admire Jack's sense of adventure, stowing away on a steamship bound for America. "We cheer as he courts a girl who was out of his league. We admire how he suggests nude modeling as an excuse to get naked. So when [the tragic ending happens]an uncontrollable flood of tears sinks our composure," he said.^[101]Titanic's ability to make men cry was briefly parodied in the 2009 film Zombielandwhere character Tallahassee (Woody Harrelson), when recalling the death of his young son, states: "I haven't cried like that since Titanic."^[104]

In 2010, the BBC analyzed the stigma over men crying during Titanic and films in general. "Middle-aged men are not 'supposed' to cry during movies," stated Finlo Rohrer of the website, citing the ending of Titanic as having generated such tears, adding that "men, if they have felt weepy during [this film]have often tried to be surreptitious about it." Professor Mary Beth Oliver, of Penn State University, stated, "For many men, there is a great deal of pressure to avoid expression of 'female' emotions like sadness and fear. From a very young age, males are taught that it is inappropriate to cry, and these lessons are often accompanied by a great deal of ridicule when the lessons aren't followed." Rohrer said, "Indeed, some men who might sneer at the idea of crying during Titanic will readily admit to becoming choked up during Saving Private Ryan or Platoon." For men in general, "the idea of sacrifice for a 'brother' is a more suitable source of emotion".^[102]

Scott Meslow of The Atlantic stated while Titanic initially seems to need no defense, given its success, it is considered a film "for 15-year-old girls" by its main detractors. He argued that dismissing Titanic as fodder for 15-year-old girls fails to consider the film's accomplishment: "that [this] grandiose, 3+ hour historical romantic drama is a film for everyone—including teenage boys." Meslow stated that despite the film being ranked high by males under the age of 18, matching the ratings for teenage boy-targeted films like Iron Manit is common for boys and men to deny liking Titanic. He acknowledged his own rejection of the film as a child while secretly loving it. "It's this collection of elements—the history, the romance, the action—that made (and continues to make) Titanic an irresistible proposition for audiences of all ages across the globe," he stated. "Titanic has flaws, but for all its legacy, it's better than its middlebrow reputation would have you believe. It's a great movie for 15-year-old girls, but that doesn't mean it's not a great movie for everyone else too."^[103]

Quotes in the film aided its popularity. Titanic's catchphrase "I'm the king of the world!" became one of the film industry's more popular quotations.^[105][106] According to Richard Harris, a psychology professor at Kansas State University, who studied why people like to cite films in social situations, using film quotations in everyday conversation is similar to telling a joke and a way to form solidarity with others. "People are doing it to feel good about themselves, to make others laugh, to make themselves laugh", he said.^[106]

Cameron explained the film's success as having significantly benefited from the experience of sharing. "When people have an experience that's very powerful in the movie theatre, they want to go share it. They want to grab their friend and bring them, so that they can enjoy it," he said. "They want to be the person to bring them the news that this is something worth having in their life. That's how Titanic worked."^[107]Media Awareness Network stated, "The normal
repeat viewing rate for a blockbuster theatrical film is about 5%. The repeat rate for Titanic was over 20%."^[12] The box office receipts "were even more impressive" when factoring in "the film's 3-hour-and-14-minute length meant that it could only be shown three times a day compared to a normal movie's four showings". In response to this, "[m]any theatres started midnight showings and were rewarded with full houses until almost 3:30 am".^[12]

Titanic held the record for box office gross for twelve years.^[108] Cameron's follow-up film, Avatarwas considered the first film with a genuine chance at surpassing its worldwide gross,^[109][110] and did so in 2010.^[80]Various explanations for why the film was able to successfully challenge Titanic were given. For one, "Two-thirds of Titanic's haul was earned overseas, and Avatar [tracked] similarly... Avatar opened in 106 markets globally and was no. 1 in all of them" and the markets "such as Russia, where Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, are white-hot today" with "more screens and moviegoers" than ever before.^[111] Brandon Gray, president of Box Office Mojo, said that while Avatar may beat Titanic's revenue record, the film is unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance. "Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s."^[109] In December 2009, Cameron had stated, "I don't think it's realistic to try to topple Titanic off its perch. Some pretty good movies have come out in the last few years. Titanic just struck some kind of chord."^[97] In a January 2010 interview, he gave a different take on the matter once Avatar's performance was easier to predict. "It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time," he said.^[110]

Author Alexandra Keller, when analyzing Titanic's success, stated that scholars could agree that the film's popularity "appears dependent on contemporary culture, on perceptions of history, on patterns of consumerism and globalization, as well as on those elements experienced filmgoers conventionally expect of juggernaut film events in the 1990s – awesome screen spectacle, expansive action, and, more rarely seen, engaging characters and epic drama."^[112]

Critical reception

Titanic garnered mainly positive reviews from film critics, and was positively reviewed by audiences and scholars, who commented on the film's cultural, historical and political impacts.^{[112][113][114]} On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 178 reviews, with a rating average of 8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A mostly unqualified triumph for Cameron, who offers a dizzying blend of spectacular visuals and old-fashioned melodrama."^[100] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has a score of 75 based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorably reviews".^[115] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 60 films in the history of the service to earn the score.^[116]

With regard to the film's overall design, Roger Ebert stated, "It is flawlessly crafted, intelligently constructed, strongly acted, and spellbinding... Movies like this are not merely difficult to make at all, but almost impossible to make well." He credited the "technical difficulties" with being "so daunting that it's a wonder when the filmmakers are also able to bring the drama and history into proportion" and "found [himself] convinced by both the story and the sad saga".^[117] He named it his ninth best film of 1997.^[118] On the television program Siskel & Ebertthe film received "two thumbs up" and was praised for its accuracy in recreating the ship's sinking; Ebert described the film as "a glorious Hollywood epic" and "well worth the wait," and Gene Siskel found Leonardo DiCaprio "captivating".^[119]James Berardinelli stated, "Meticulous in detail, yet vast in scope and intent, Titanic is the kind of epic motion picture event that has become a rarity. You don't just watch Titanicyou experience it."^[120] It was named his second best film of 1997.^[121] Almar Haflidason of the BBC wrote that "the sinking of the great ship is no secret, yet for many exceeded expectations in sheer scale and tragedy" and that "when you consider that [the film] tops a bum-numbing three-hour running time, then you have a truly impressive feat of entertainment achieved by Cameron".^[122] Joseph McBride of Boxoffice Magazine concluded, "To describe Titanic as the greatest disaster movie ever made is to sell it short. James Cameron's recreation of the 1912 sinking of the 'unsinkable' liner is one of the most magnificent pieces of serious popular entertainment ever to emanate from Hollywood."^[123]

The romantic and emotionally charged aspects of the film were equally praised. Andrew L. Urban of Urban Cinefile said, "You will walk out of Titanic not talking about budget or running time, but of its enormous emotive power, big as the engines of the ship itself, determined as its giant propellers to gouge into your heart, and as lasting as the love story that propels it."^[124]Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described the film as, "A lush and terrifying spectacle of romantic doom. Writer-director James Cameron has restaged the defining catastrophe of the early 20th century on a human scale of such purified yearning and dread that he touches the deepest levels of popular moviemaking."^[123]Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented that "Cameron's magnificent Titanic is the first spectacle in decades that honestly invites comparison to Gone With the Wind."^[123]Richard Corliss of Time magazine, on the other hand, wrote a mostly negative review, criticizing the lack of interesting emotional elements.^[125]

Some reviewers felt that the story and dialogue were weak,^[114] while the visuals were spectacular. Kenneth Turan's review in the Los Angeles Times was particularly scathing. Dismissing the emotive elements, he stated, "What really brings on the tears is Cameron's insistence that writing this kind of movie is within his abilities. Not only is it not, it is not even close.",^[126] and later claimed that the only reason that the film won Oscars was because of its box office total.^[127] Barbara Shulgasser of The San Francisco Examiner gave Titanic one star out of four, citing a friend as saying, "The number of times in this unbelievably badly written script that the two [lead characters] refer to each other by name was an indication of just how dramatically the script lacked anything more interesting for the actors to say."^[128] Also, filmmaker Robert Altman called it "the most dreadful piece of work I've ever seen in my entire life".^[129] In his 2012 study of the lives of the passengers on the Titanichistorian Richard Davenport-Hines said, "Cameron's film diabolized rich Americans and educated English, anathematizing their emotional restraint, good tailoring, punctilious manners and grammatical training, while it made romantic heroes of the poor Irish and the unlettered".^[130]

Titanic suffered backlash in addition to its success. In 2003, the film topped a poll of "Best Film Endings",^[131] and yet it also topped a poll by Film 2003 as "the worst movie of all time".^[132] The British film magazine Empire reduced their rating of the film from the maximum five stars and an enthusiastic review, to four stars with a less positive review in a later edition, to accommodate its readers' tastes, who wanted to disassociate themselves from the hype surrounding the film, and the reported activities of its fans, such as those attending multiple screenings.^[133] In addition to this, positive and negative parodies and other such spoofs of the film abounded and were circulated on the internet, often inspiring passionate responses from fans of various opinions of the film.^[134] Benjamin Willcock of DVDActive.com did not understand the backlash or the passionate hatred for the film. "What really irks me...," he said, "are those who make nasty stabs at those who do love it." Willcock stated, "I obviously don't have anything against those who dislike Titanicbut those few who make you feel small and pathetic for doing so (and they do exist, trust me) are way beyond my understanding and sympathy."^[96]

Cameron responded to the backlash, and Kenneth Turan's review in particular. "Titanic is not a film that is sucking people in with flashy hype and spitting them out onto the street feeling let down and ripped off," he stated. "They are returning again and again to repeat an experience that is taking a 3-hour and 14-minute chunk out of their lives, and dragging others with them, so they can share the emotion." Cameron emphasized people from all ages (ranging from 8 to 80) and from all backgrounds were "celebrating their own essential humanity" by seeing it. He described the script as earnest and straightforward, and said it intentionally "incorporates universals of human experience and emotion that are timeless – and familiar because they reflect our basic emotional fabric" and that the film was able to succeed in this way by dealing with archetypes. He did not see it as pandering. "Turan mistakes archetype for cliche," he said. "I don't share his view that the best scripts are only the ones that explore the perimeter of human experience, or flashily pirouette their witty and cynical dialogue for our admiration."^[135]

Empire eventually reinstated its original five star rating of the film, commenting, "It should be no surprise then that it became fashionable to bash James Cameron's Titanic at approximately the same time it became clear that this was the planet's favourite film. Ever."^[136] In 2017, on the 20th anniversary of its release, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".^[137]

Accolades

Titanic began its awards sweep starting with the Golden Globes, winning four, namely Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song.^[138]Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart were also nominees.^[139] It won the ACE "Eddie" Award, ASC Award, Art Directors Guild Award, Cinema Audio Society Awards, Screen Actors Guild Award (Best Supporting Actress for Gloria Stuart), The Directors Guild of America Award, and Broadcast Film Critics Association Award (Best Director for James Cameron), and The Producer Guild of America Award.^[140] It was also nominated for ten BAFTA awards, including Best Film and Best Director; it failed to win any.^[140]

The film garnered fourteen Academy Award nominations, tying the record set in 1950 by Joseph L. Mankiewicz's All About Eve^[141] and won eleven: Best Picture (the second film about the Titanic to win that award, after 1933's Cavalcade), Best Director, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, Best Film Editing, Best Costume Design, Best Sound (Gary Rydstrom, Tom Johnson, Gary Summers, Mark Ulano), Best Sound Effects Editing, Best Original Dramatic Score, Best Original Song.^[140][142] Kate Winslet, Gloria Stuart and the make-up artists were the three nominees that did not win. James Cameron's original screenplay and Leonardo DiCaprio were not nominees.^[94] It was the second film to receive eleven Academy Awards, after Ben-Hur.^[140]The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King would also match this record in 2004.

Titanic won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well as three Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television.^{[140][143][144]} The film's soundtrack became the best-selling primarily orchestral soundtrack of all time, and became a worldwide success, spending sixteen weeks at number-one in the United States, and was certified diamond for over eleven million copies sold in the United States alone.^[145] The soundtrack also became the best-selling album of 1998 in the U.S.^[146] "My Heart Will Go On" won the Grammy Awards for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television. The film also won Best Male Performance for Leonardo DiCaprio and Best Movie at the MTV Movie Awards, Best Film at the People's Choice Awards, and Favorite Movie at the 1998 Kids' Choice Awards.^[140] It won various awards outside the United States, including the Awards of the Japanese Academy as the Best Foreign Film of the Year.^[140]Titanic eventually won nearly ninety awards and had an additional forty-seven nominations from various award-giving bodies around the world.^[140] Additionally, the book about the making of the film was at the top of The New York Times' bestseller list for several weeks, "the first time that such a tie-in book had achieved this status".^[12]

Since its release, Titanic has appeared on the American Film Institute's award-winning 100 Years... series. So far, it has ranked on the following six lists:

AFI's 100 Years...100	Rank	Source	Notes
Thrills	25	[147]	A list of the top 100 thrilling films in American cinema, compiled in 2001.
Passions	37	[148]	A list of the top 100 love stories in American cinema, compiled in 2002.
Songs	14	[149]	A list of the top 100 songs in American cinema, compiled in 2004. Titanic ranked 14th for Céline Dion's "My Heart Will Go On".
Movie quotes	100	[105]	A list of the top 100 film quotations in American cinema, compiled in 2005. Titanic ranked 100th for Jack Dawson's yell of "I'm the king of the world!"
Movies	83	[150]	A 2007 (10th anniversary) edition of 1997's list of the 100 best films of the past century. Titanic was not eligible when the original list was released.
AFI's 10 Top 10	6	[151]	The 2008 poll consisted of the top ten films in ten different genres. Titanic ranked as the sixth best epic film.

Home media

Titanic was released worldwide in widescreen and pan and scan formats on VHS and laserdisc on September 1, 1998.^[152] Both VHS formats were also made available in a deluxe boxed gift set with a mounted filmstrip and six lithograph prints from the movie. A DVD version was released on August 31, 1999 in a widescreen-only (non-anamorphic) single-disc edition with no special features other than a theatrical trailer. Cameron stated at the time that he intended to release a special edition with extra features later. This release became the best-selling DVD of 1999 and early 2000, becoming the first DVD ever to sell one million copies.^[153] At the time, fewer than 5% of all U.S. homes had a DVD player. "When we released the original Titanic DVD, the industry was much smaller, and bonus features were not the standard they are now," said Meagan Burrows, Paramount's president of domestic home entertainment, which made the film's DVD performance even more impressive.^[153]

Titanic was re-released to DVD on October 25, 2005 when a three-disc Special Collector's Edition was made available in the United States and Canada. This edition contained a newly restored transfer of the film, as well as various special features. The two-disc edition was marketed as the Special Editionand featured the first two discs of the three-disc set, only PAL-enabled. A four-disc edition, marketed as the Deluxe Collector's Editionwas also released on November 7, 2005. Available only in the United Kingdom, a limited 5-disc set of the film, under the title Deluxe Limited Editionwas released with only 10,000 copies manufactured. The fifth disc contains Cameron's documentary Ghosts of the Abysswhich was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Unlike the individual release of Ghosts of the Abysswhich contained two discs, only the first disc was included in the set.^[96] In 2007, for the film's tenth anniversary, a 10th Anniversary Edition was released on DVD, which consists of the first two discs from the three-disc 2005 set containing the movie and the special features on those discs.^[154]

Titanic was released on Blu-ray as a single disc variant and a 2 disc version featuring special features on September 10, 2012.^[155] A 4 Disc Blu-ray 3D version was released the same day.^[156][157] A limited Collector's Edition box set including the Blu-ray 3D, 2D Blu-ray, DVD, a digital copy and a variety of souvenirs was also released exclusively to Amazon.com and other international retailers.^[158]

With regard to television broadcasts, the film airs occasionally across the United States on networks such as TNT.^[159] To permit the scene where Jack draws the nude portrait of Rose to be shown on network and specialty cable channels, in addition to minor cuts, the sheer, see-through robe worn by Winslet was digitally painted black. Turner Classic Movies also began to show the film, specifically during the days leading up to the 82nd Academy Awards.^[160]

3D conversion

A 2012 3D re-release was created by re-mastering the original to 4K resolution and post-converting to stereoscopic 3D format. The Titanic 3D version took 60 weeks and $18 million to produce, including the 4K restoration.^[161] The 3D conversion was performed by Stereo D^[162] and Sony with Slam Content's Panther Records remastering the soundtrack.^[163] Digital 2D and in 2D IMAX versions were also struck from the new 4K master created in the process.^[164] For the 3D release, Cameron opened up the Super 35 film and expanded the image of the film into a new aspect ratio, from 2:35:1 to 1:78:1, allowing the viewer to see more image on the top and bottom of the screen.^[165] The only scene entirely redone for the re-release was Rose's view of the night sky at sea, on the morning of April 15, 1912. The scene was replaced with an accurate view of the night-sky star pattern, including the Milky Way, adjusted for the location in the North Atlantic Ocean in April 1912. The change was prompted by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, who had criticized the scene for showing an unrealistic star pattern. He agreed to send film director Cameron a corrected view of the sky, which was the basis of the new scene.^[166]

An accurate view of the Milky Way was used to replace Rose's view of the moonless night sky at sea, as in this photo from Paranal Observatory. The view was adjusted to match the North Atlantic at 4:20 am on April 15, 1912.

The 3D version of Titanic premiered at the Royal Albert Hall in London on March 27, 2012, with James Cameron and Kate Winslet in attendance,^[167][168] and entered general release on April 4, 2012, six days shy of the centenary of RMS Titanic embarking on her maiden voyage.^{[169][170][171]}

Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers rated the reissue 3½ stars out of 4, explaining he found it "pretty damn dazzling". He said, "The 3D intensifies Titanic. You are there. Caught up like never before in an intimate epic that earns its place in the movie time capsule."^[172] Writing for Entertainment WeeklyOwen Gleiberman gave the film an A grade. He wrote, "For once, the visuals in a 3-D movie don't look darkened or distracting. They look sensationally crisp and alive."^[173]Richard Corliss of Time who was very critical in 1997 remained in the same mood, "I had pretty much the same reaction: fitfully awed, mostly water-logged." In regards to the 3D effects, he noted the "careful conversion to 3D lends volume and impact to certain moments ... [but] in separating the foreground and background of each scene, the converters have carved the visual field into discrete, not organic, levels."^[174] Ann Hornaday for The Washington Post found herself asking "whether the film's twin values of humanism and spectacle are enhanced by Cameron's 3-D conversion, and the answer to that is: They aren't." She further added that the "3-D conversion creates distance where there should be intimacy, not to mention odd moments in framing and composition."^[175]

The film grossed an estimated $4.7 million on the first day of its re-release in North America (including midnight preview showings) and went on to make $17.3 million over the weekend, finishing in third place.^[176][177] Outside North America it earned $35.2 million finishing second,^[178] and improved on its performance the following weekend by topping the box office with $98.9 million.^[179] China has proven to be its most successful territory where it earned $11.6 million on its opening day,^[180] going on to earn a record-breaking $67 million in its opening week and taking more money in the process than it did in the entirety of its original theatrical run.^[179] The reissue ultimately earned $343.4 million worldwide, with $145 million coming from China and $57.8 million from Canada and United States.^[181]

The 3D conversion of the film was also released in the 4DX format in selected international territories, which allows the audience to experience the film's environment using motion, wind, fog, lighting and scent-based special effects.^{[182][183][184]}

For the 20th anniversary of the film, Titanic was re-released in cinemas in Dolby Vision (in both 2D and 3D) for one week beginning December 1, 2017.^[185]

Titanic Live

Titanic Live was a live performance of James Horner's original score by a 130-piece orchestra, choir and Celtic musicians, accompanying a showing of the film.^[186] In April 2015, Titanic Live premiered at the Royal Albert Hall, London, where the 2012 3D re-release had premiered.^[187]The Express said it was "An absolute triumph, Titanic Live brought the film to life in a beautiful new way."^[188]

See also

Notes

1. ^ Although the Titanic hit the iceberg on April 14, it did not sink until the following day.
   

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Titanic (1997)". Film & TV Database. British Film Institute. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
   


2. ^ ^{a b} "Titanic". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
   


3. ^ "TITANIC (12)". Britische Filmklassifikationsbehörde . November 14, 1997. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
   


4. ^ ^{a b} Garrett, Diane (April 20, 2007). "Big-budget bang-ups". Variety . Archived from the original on November 17, 2009. Retrieved November 16, 2009.
   


5. ^ ^{a b} Wyatt, Justin; Vlesmas, Katherine (1999). "The Drama of Recoupment: On the Mass Media Negotiation of Titanic": 29–45. In Sandler & Studlar (1999).
   


6. ^ ^{a b} Welkos, Robert W. (February 11, 1998). "The $200-Million Lesson of 'Titanic'". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
   


7. ^ ^{a b} "Titanic (1997)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
   


8. ^ Carlson, Dusten (September 14, 2012). "James Cameron And MythBusters Prove That Jack Had To Die". Inquisitr. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
   


9. ^ ^{a b} James Cameron (2005). Audio Commentary (DVD). 20th Century Fox. The big ambiguity here is 'is she alive and dreaming' or 'is she dead and on her way to Titanic heaven?' I'll never tell. Of course, I know what we intended ... The answer has to be something you supply personally; individually.
   


10. ^ ^{a b c d} "Heart of the Ocean: The Making of Titanic. THE BEST OF". 1997–1998.
    


11. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} "Titanic. Man overboard! After a production as lavish and pricey as the doomed ship itself, James Cameron finally unveils his epic film. But will it be unsinkable?". Entertainment Weekly . November 7, 1997. pp. 1–7. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010.
    


12. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r} "James Cameron's Titanic". Media Awareness Network. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
    


13. ^ "Billy Crudup: "Titanic" Would've Sunk My Life". Internet-Filmdatenbank. June 22, 2000. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
    


14. ^ "Actor Is Thankful He Didn't Get Titanic Role". Internet-Filmdatenbank. August 25, 1998. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2007.
    


15. ^ "Leonardo DiCaprio or Kate Winslet: Which 'Titanic' Star Has the Better Career?". The Daily Beast. Die Newsweek Daily Beast Company. April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
    


16. ^ "Titanic: Visiting The Grave Of The Real J. Dawson In Halifax". Huffington Post. April 4, 2012. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
    


17. ^ "Star Misses. Nicole Kidman in "The Reader"? Gwyneth Paltrow aboard "Titanic"? How some of the biggest names in Hollywood lost out on some of its biggest roles". Forbes. February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
    


18. ^ "'Titanic' Casting: What Other Stars Were Considered For James Cameron's Masterpiece?". Huffington Post. June 22, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
    


19. ^ Warrington, Ruby (November 29, 2009). "Claire Danes: the secretive starlet". Die Zeiten . London. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
    


20. ^ "Why Rob Lowe Left Brothers & Sisters & The West Wing". E! Online. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
    


21. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Schultz, Rick. "James Cameron tells the astonishing story of Titanic, his breathtaking labor of love". industrycentral.net. Retrieved January 23, 2010.
    


22. ^ "'Titanic' star Gloria Stuart dies". Variety . September 27, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
    


23. ^ "Five Titanic myths spread by films". BBC News. April 4, 2012.
    


24. ^ Barczewski, Stephanie L. (2004). Titanic: A Night Remembered. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-85285-434-8. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
    


25. ^ ^{a b c} ON A SEA OF GLASS: THE LIFE & LOSS OF THE RMS TITANIC" by Tad Fitch, J. Kent Layton & Bill Wormstedt. Amberley Books, March 2012. pp 321-323
    


26. ^ Ballard, pp. 40–41
    


27. ^ Beesley, Lawrence (1912). The Loss of the S.S. Titanic. London: Heinemann. p. 56.
    


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Further reading

• Frakes, Randall (1998). Titanic: James Cameron's Illustrated Screenplay. New York: Harper. ISBN 0-06-095307-1.


• Cameron, Stephen (1998). Titanic: Belfast's Own. Ireland: Wolfhound Press. ISBN 0-86327-685-7.


• Mireille Majoor; James Cameron (2003). Titanic: Ghosts of the Abyss. New York: Scholastic. ISBN 1-895892-31-7.


• Molony, Senan (2005). Titanic: A Primary Source History. Canada: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 0-8368-5980-4.


• Marsh, Ed W.; Kirkland, Douglas (1998). James Cameron's Titanic. London: Boxtree. ISBN 0-7522-2404-2.


• Parisi, Paula (1998). Titanic and the Making of James Cameron. London: Orion. ISBN 0-7528-1799-X.


• Sandler, Kevin S.; Studlar, Gaylyn, eds. (1999). Titanic: Anatomy of a Blockbuster. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2669-0.


• Ballard, Robert (1987). The Discovery of the Titanic. Canada: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-67174-6.


• Lynch, Donald (1992). Titanic: An Illustrated History. New York: Madison Press Books. ISBN 978-0-7868-6401-0.


• Lubin, David M. (1999). "Titanic" (BFI Modern Classics). London: BFI Publishing. ISBN 0-85170-760-2.

External links